Understanding Theory and Applications of 3D
Used in many industries, 3D is often used to create things such as art, movies and games, with this being an increasingly popular trend within the last two decades. Its increased popularity has lead to more and more ambitious, detailed and complex results and techniques from the medium.
3D models are used to create and render almost everything in things such as video games and movies animated in this manor. Within movies the 3D models and CGI had been used as an addition to the more traditional ways of making movies but in 1995 the first feature length 3D animated film was released by Pixar, Toy Story. The models used were cutting edge at the time and the techniques where new and exciting to most who saw the movie upon its release but compared to today's examples of 3D models, even within the Toy Story franchise, it is very visible how dated they have become especially when comparing the level of detail characters of the series contain. The improvement in modelling techniques and the software have led to vastly superior and near lifelike models as well as a vast array of unique art styles. Animation within 3D projects has also vastly improved over time with techniques such as keyframing being a simple but effective means of animation in which the animator sets certain points within the animation that which the animation will then flow seamlessly between, creating a fluid animation that the model will then follow.
The place this wide and varied use of 3D is most evident is within the video games industry, where games like battlefield use 3D to create models and environments designed to closely mimic objects and environments found within the real world, this style became particulary popular among First Person Shooters during the seventh console generation where games became more focused on simulating realistic combat reflecting that of real world's conflicts at the time t, or games like the popular team shooter Overwatch that use a cartoony art style to create a distinct look, for a while this art style mostly saw popularity among the Indie game industry and saw very little success on the mainstream consoles of the generation, but as time passed people became tired of the now over saturated realistic artstyle and these more outlandish and unrealistic art styles have been increasing in popularity since.
Polygonal 3D models are also now often used in architecture whereby architects will use it to incorporate all the 2D information within a 3D space, with architects using it as a key part of the planning stage when designing structures such as bridges and buildings. it benefits the process by allowing the architect to look for errors that may have occurred during the drawing process, helping to get a better visualisation of the project and also works effectively as a marketing tool. Another area to recently adopt 3D modelling is that of art. it is becoming increasingly popular for artists to create their pieces within 3D modelling software such as Maya. A prominent example of such anj artist is Ray Caeser, who using 3D models creates art that is beautiful and disturbing.
A key part of 3D modelling is geometric theory. Within geometric theory a basic initial mesh is used for an object that is later improved upon using different textures, with the mesh being built up of different polygons. Polygons are simple 2D shapes that contain three components, the vertice, the edge and the face. The first two are created upon the forming of a single line with the latter requiring roughly three at a minimum making up a basic triangular polygon. the vertice is the point the polygon, the edge is the lines making up each side of the polygon and the face is the large area in the centre of all edges and vertices. Adding more vertices creates more complex shapes such as quads, hexagons and decagons. These polygons are what is added together to create the complex models and environments used in many forms of media, this is known as mesh construction which is the most basic part of creating a 3D model upon which the rest is developed
Game Engines
Havok Engine - This engine specialises in more open games and rendering
physics in the 3D environments they take place in. over time different modules developed that improved much of the visuals and graphical content using many aspects such as destruction, cloth and improved physics. Through the engines use of "Dynamic simulation" it is able to render realistic 3D environments with an example of this being its capability to render things such as a box's destruction and the subsequent pieces as well as the shadows each one would create.
The engine soared to popularity during the seventh generation of consoles with many games on platforms such as the Xbox 360 and the PS3 using the engine to great effect. In 2000 Version 1.0 of the software development kitv was released to the public with the most up to date version being 2011.2 which is still used in the many current generation games such as the recent Dark Souls 3. Unlike engines such as the rage engine, the Havok engine is open thanks to its licensing acts.
FOX Engine - Created by Kojima Productions, the FOX Engine is a closed engine owned by Konami that, due to its versatility and array of capabilities it has been used in various titles in various genres already even though it is fairly new engine such as in the sports, stealth action, and survival horror genres. First demonstrated to the public in a 2011 Konami E3 conference, the engine was used to show off its possible graphical capabilities showcased a lush jungle landscape with a boy and a horse, similar to some of the assets later found in Metal Gear Solid V.
An example of how the engine can be used incredibly effective is the immensely popular third person stealth action game Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain, in which it was used to render a vast and beautiful open world sandbox bursting with detail and giving the player a sense of wonder at the freedom and immersion it creates for them, along with complex enemy AI and dynamic time and weather systems helping the world seem alive. But its not just vast games like the previous example in which the FOX engine is a great tool to use, in the infamous P.T. released in 2014 the FOX engine was used to create incredible sensations of dread, claustrophobia, paranoia and sheer terror in the player. In P.T. the FOX engine was used to create a small map of a narrow corridor filled with detail and creating an atmosphere that is unrivalled in the survival horror genre.
CryEngine - Created by the German developer, Crytek, and initially used as a tech demo for Nvidia, the CryEngine is an open game engine with a third party licensing scheme designed to allow people outside the company use the engine if they agree to certain terms. the first CryEngine was initially used the the first Far Cry game and has had many evolutions since then with the current engine being the CryEngine V. The engine has many parts that help it simulate immersive worlds for players to enjoy by using features such as natural lighting and dynamic soft shadows with penumbra, character animation and character individualiation systems, AI editing systems, key frame-accurate sounds in animations, dynamic pathfinding and high quality 3D water.The engine has even been used by the Australian Defence Force to train personnel on a virtual helicopter landing pad. The current iteration of the engine is available on a wide variety of platforms including Playstation 4 and Xbox One with features such as DirectX 12 and Virtual Reality supports
Unreal Engine - The first version of the Unreal was revealed to the public in 1998, with its initial showcase being in the game Unreal. Though designed for FPS games primarily since its inception it has been used in many genres like Stealth and RPGs. It's current iteration is the Unreal Engine 4, which can run on nearly all current mainstream platforms such as IOS, Playstion 4, Xbox One, Microsoft's DirectX 11 and 12 and Android among many others. The Unreal Engine has been a popular one ever since its first version with games such as BioShock Infinite being created in previous versions of the engine. The engine is possibly the most engine in the modern games market, with it's simple third party policy making it a popular choice amongst larger companies and indie developers alike.
The engine is one of the most advanced ones on the market with some of the most advanced features of any engine that easily render 3D photo realistic environments and add a further sense of immersion with its physics such as its life like water and fluids, its destructible environments and lighting programs.
Unity Engine - The open cross platform Unity Engine was created by Unity Technologies and unveiled at Apple's Worldwide Developer Conference in 2005 and since then has been used across a massive 21 platforms. With its huge range of platforms its compatible with it swiftly found success in many areas of the game industry with some of the most prominent areas being the indie game market where it bacme a vastly popular choice among those looking to use systems in place like Steam's Greenlight, and the Mobile Games market due to the developers high control over the delivery to mobile devices. Included in the engine is an asset server and access to Nvidia's Physx physics engine. There is also the Unity Web Player which is a browser plugin compatible in Windows and OSX.
Rockstar Advanced Game Engine - The Rockstar Advanced Game Engine or RAGE is an engine, developed by the game development company Rockstar's RAGE Technology Group, began as a step up from the Angel Engine and has been used across an incredibly wide range of platforms including Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Wii, Xbox One and PS4. Since its inception Rockstar has managed to add some third party components into the engine such as the Bullet physics engine and the Euphoria character animation engine. The engine also supports DirtectX 11 and Stereoscopic 3D Rendering on PC.
The place this wide and varied use of 3D is most evident is within the video games industry, where games like battlefield use 3D to create models and environments designed to closely mimic objects and environments found within the real world, this style became particulary popular among First Person Shooters during the seventh console generation where games became more focused on simulating realistic combat reflecting that of real world's conflicts at the time t, or games like the popular team shooter Overwatch that use a cartoony art style to create a distinct look, for a while this art style mostly saw popularity among the Indie game industry and saw very little success on the mainstream consoles of the generation, but as time passed people became tired of the now over saturated realistic artstyle and these more outlandish and unrealistic art styles have been increasing in popularity since.
Polygonal 3D models are also now often used in architecture whereby architects will use it to incorporate all the 2D information within a 3D space, with architects using it as a key part of the planning stage when designing structures such as bridges and buildings. it benefits the process by allowing the architect to look for errors that may have occurred during the drawing process, helping to get a better visualisation of the project and also works effectively as a marketing tool. Another area to recently adopt 3D modelling is that of art. it is becoming increasingly popular for artists to create their pieces within 3D modelling software such as Maya. A prominent example of such anj artist is Ray Caeser, who using 3D models creates art that is beautiful and disturbing. 
A key part of 3D modelling is geometric theory. Within geometric theory a basic initial mesh is used for an object that is later improved upon using different textures, with the mesh being built up of different polygons. Polygons are simple 2D shapes that contain three components, the vertice, the edge and the face. The first two are created upon the forming of a single line with the latter requiring roughly three at a minimum making up a basic triangular polygon. the vertice is the point the polygon, the edge is the lines making up each side of the polygon and the face is the large area in the centre of all edges and vertices. Adding more vertices creates more complex shapes such as quads, hexagons and decagons. These polygons are what is added together to create the complex models and environments used in many forms of media, this is known as mesh construction which is the most basic part of creating a 3D model upon which the rest is developed
